Azo dyes are the most diverse group of synthetic dyes. Azo dyes are prepared in two steps. The diazonium salt being produced in the first one, the reaction with highly reactive aromatic compounds such as …
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Retardation or retention factor (Rf) value is the ratio of distance traveled by the analyte to that of the solvent front on a chromatogram. The chromatographic techniques in which the analytes are added to …
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The coordinate covalent bond, also known as the dative bond, is a type of covalent bond where both electrons are from the same atom. Usually, it happens in molecules where metallic ions are bonded to …
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Singlet state is attributed to the appearance of a single spectral line. This occurs because all of the electrons are paired. Originally, the singlet state is referred to as a set of particles that had …
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Ethers are organic compounds that have an oxygen atom between two hydrocarbon chains. They are derivatives of alcohols and are represented by the symbol (ROR’). While esters have a carbonyl carbon bonded to an oxygen …
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Oxidation number or oxidation state is defined as the charge an atom has in a molecule or compound. It is an apparent charge on an atom of an element in a molecule or compound. It …
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The hydrolysis of an ester is a reaction in which the (-OR) group of the ester is replaced by the hydroxyl (-OH) group from water. This reaction can be catalyzed either by an acid or …
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Molecules are formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms. As the name suggests, intermolecular forces are the electrostatic forces between molecules. These forces can be attractive or repulsive and act between ions or atoms …
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The principal quantum number is related to the energy and size of the atomic orbits. It is denoted by ‘n’ and has integral values. As n increases, the electronic cloud (orbital) becomes larger and the …
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Spectroscopy is the branch of chemistry concerned with the investigative measurements of spectrum. UV-VIS (ultraviolet-visible) spectroscopy or spectrophotometry is the study of the interaction of light with matter at electronic levels. It ranges from the …
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Enthalpy (H) of a thermodynamic system is an energy-like state function property that is equal to the total internal energy (U) and pressure-volume (PV) work whereas entropy is an intrinsic disorderness of a system under …
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A chemical with known concentration is termed standard in chemistry. Primary standards are taken as reference chemicals for finding concentrations of analytes. They are pure, high molecular weighed, stable, and non-toxic substances used to prepare …
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Isomers are compounds having same molecular formulae but different structural formulae. The molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms whereas the structural formula shows the arrangement of atoms and bonds in a molecule. There …
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The hydrocarbons having one or more carbon to carbon double bond(s) are referred to as alkenes. They are also known as unsaturated hydrocarbons which reflect that addition reaction is possible. The general formula for alkenes …
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Carboxylic acids are the organic compounds having the (-COOH) functional group attached directly to the carbon atom. Whereas, esters are organic compounds with a (-COOR) functional group. Esters are derivatives of carboxylic acids and are …
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